Shikonin

J Pharm Pharmacol. 2015 Apr 16.

Shikonin inhibits the cell viability, adhesion, invasion and migration of the human gastric cancer cell line MGC-803 via the Toll-like receptor 2/nuclear factor-kappa B pathway.[Pubmed: 25880237]

Shikonin is an active naphthoquinone pigment isolated from the root of Lithospermum erythrorhizon. This study was designed to explore the inhibition of Shikonin on cell viability, adhesion, migration and invasion ability of gastric cancer (GC) and its possible mechanism.
METHODS AND RESULTS:
3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay was performed for cell viability and adhesion ability of MGC-803 cells. Cell scratch repair experiments were conducted for the determination of migration ability while transwell assay for cell invasion ability. Western blot analysis and real-time polymerase chain reaction assay were used for the detection of protein and mRNA expressions. Fifty per cent inhibitory concentration of Shikonin on MGC-803 cells was 1.854 μm. Shikonin (1 μm) inhibited significantly the adhesion, invasion and migratory ability of MGC-803 cells. Interestingly, Shikonin in the presence or absence of anti-Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) antibody (2 μg) and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) inhibitor MG-132 (10 μm) could decrease these ability of MGC-803 cells markedly, as well as the expression levels of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP)-2, MMP-7, TLR2 and p65 NF-κB. In addition, the co-incubation of Shikonin and anti-TLR2/MG-132 has a significant stronger activity than anti-TLR2 or MG-132 alone.
CONCLUSIONS:
The results indicated that Shikonin could suppress the cell viability, adhesion, invasion and migratory ability of MGC-803 cells through TLR2- or NF-κB-mediated pathway. Our findings provide novel information for the treatment of Shikonin on GC.

Pharm.Chem. J., 2001, 35(8):435-6.

Antimicrobial Activity of Shikonin Preparations.[Reference: WebLink]

Shikonin is a natural red naphthoquinone pigment synthesized in the roots of plants belonging to the Boraginaceae family.
METHODS AND RESULTS:
At present, a purified Shikonin preparation is widely used in Japan for the production of medicinals, cosmetics, and some food products [1]. In Russia, Shikonin enters into the antiinflammatory ointment and cream compositions used for the treatment of burns. Shikonin possesses a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity.
CONCLUSIONS:
In this context, it was of interest to study the antimicrobial properties of commercial Shikonin and the related aqueous ethanol and oil extracts from the cell culture of Arnebia euchroma.

Cell Physiol Biochem . 2018;45(6):2461-2470.

Alkannin Inhibited Hepatic Inflammation in Diabetic Db/Db Mice[Pubmed: 29554661]

Abstract Background/aims: The current study was designed to investigate the protective role of alkannin (ALK) on liver injury in diabetic C57BL/KsJ-db/db mice and explore its potential mechanisms. Methods: An oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was performed. The levels of insulin, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransaminase (AST), total cholesterol (TC) and triglyceride (TG) were determined by commercial kits. The pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6 and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α were determined by ELISA. The levels of the ROCK/NF-κB pathway were determined by Western blotting. Results: The contents of pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6 and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α were inhibited by ALK, metformin or fasudil in diabetic db/db mice. Further, Western blotting analysis showed that the expression of Rho, ROCK1, ROCK2, p-NF-κBp65, and p-IκBα was significantly reversed by ALK treatment. In human hepatic HepG2 cells, the hepatoprotective effects of ALK were further characterized. With response to palmitic acid-challenge, increased amounts of insulin, ALT, AST, TG, and TC were observed, whereas ALK pretreatment significantly inhibited their leakage in HepG2 cells without appreciable cytotoxic effects. The inflammation condition was recovered with ALK treatment as shown by changes of IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α. Further, Western blotting analysis also suggested that ALK improves hepatic inflammation in a Rho-kinase pathway. Conclusion: The present study successfully investigated the role of Rho-kinase signalling in diabetic liver injury. ALK exhibited hepatoprotective effects in diabetic db/db mice, and it might act through improving hepatic inflammation through the Rho-kinase pathway. Keywords: Alkannin; Inflammation; Liver injury; Rho-kinase pathway.

Inflamm Res. 2008 Oct;57(10):484-8.

Shikonin inhibits IgE-mediated histamine release by human basophils and Syk kinase activity.[Pubmed: 18830561 ]

Shikonin, a component of the herbal medicine "Shikon", is known to suppress inflammatory reactions, but its molecular targets are not identified. This study examines the effect of Shikonin on human basophil degranulation response and aims to identify its targets. Human basophils in isolated leukocytes from healthy volunteers' peripheral blood; recombinant human Syk and Lyn tyrosine kinases.
METHODS AND RESULTS:
Histamine release from basophils stimulated with anti-IgE antibody was analyzed fluorimetrically. Syk and Lyn kinase activities were tested in Vitro with recombinant proteins and analyzed by off-chip mobility shift assay. Shikonin dose-dependently inhibited the histamine release from basophils induced by anti-IgE antibody (IC50 = 2.6 +/- 1.0 microM; mean +/- SEM). A search for the target(s) of Shikonin in the signal cascade of IgE-mediated activation showed that it strongly inhibits Syk (IC50 = 7.8 microM, in the recombinant kinase assay), which plays a pivotal role in the degranulation response. A less significant inhibition was found for Lyn, which phosphorylates FcepsilonRI-betagamma subunits and also Syk.
CONCLUSIONS:
These results indicate that the inhibition of Syk-dependent phosphorylation events might underlie the blocked histamine release from human basophils, thus contributing to the anti-inflammatory effects of Shikonin.

J Biomed Sci. 2015 Apr 1;22(1):26.

Shikonin selectively induces apoptosis in human prostate cancer cells through the endoplasmic reticulum stress and mitochondrial apoptotic pathway.[Pubmed: 25879420]

Despite the recent progress in screening and therapy, a majority of prostate cancer cases eventually attain hormone refractory and chemo-resistant attributes. Conventional chemotherapeutic strategies are effective at very high doses for only palliative management of these prostate cancers. Therefore chemo-sensitization of prostate cancer cells could be a promising strategy for increasing efficacy of the conventional chemotherapeutic agents in prostate cancer patients. Recent studies have indicated that the chemo-preventive natural agents restore the pro-apoptotic protein expression and induce endoplasmic reticulum stress (ER stress) leading to the inhibition of cellular proliferation and activation of the mitochondrial apoptosis in prostate cancer cells. Therefore reprogramming ER stress-mitochondrial dependent apoptosis could be a potential approach for management of hormone refractory chemoresistant prostate cancers.
METHODS AND RESULTS:
We aimed to study the effects of the natural naphthoquinone Shikonin in human prostate cancer cells. RESULTS: The results indicated that Shikonin induces apoptosis in prostate cancer cells through the dual induction of the endoplasmic reticulum stress and mitochondrial dysfunction. Shikonin induced ROS generation and activated ER stress and calpain activity. Moreover, addition of antioxidants attenuated these effects. Shikonin also induced the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway mediated through the enhanced expression of the pro-apoptotic Bax and inhibition of Bcl-2, disruption of the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) followed by the activation of caspase-9, caspase-3, and PARP cleavage.
CONCLUSIONS:
The results suggest that Shikonin could be useful in the therapeutic management of hormone refractory prostate cancers due to its modulation of the pro-apoptotic ER stress and mitochondrial apoptotic pathways.

Mol Med Rep. 2015 Jul;12(1):1305-13.

Cbl participates in shikonin-induced apoptosis by negatively regulating phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B signaling.[Pubmed: 25815461]

Shikonin, a naturally occurring naphthoquinone, exhibits anti-tumorigenic activity. However, its precise mechanisms of action have remained elusive.
METHODS AND RESULTS:
In the present study, the involvement in the action of Shikonin of the ubiquitin ligases Cbl‑b and c‑Cbl, which are negative regulators of phosphoinositide 3‑kinase (PI3K) activation, was investigated. Shikonin was observed to reduce cell viability and induce apoptosis and G2/M phase arrest in lung cancer cells. In addition, Shikonin increased the protein levels of B‑cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl‑2)‑associated X and p53 and reduced those of Bcl‑2. Additionally, Shikonin inhibited PI3k/Akt activity and upregulated Cbl protein expression. In addition, a specific inhibitor of PI3K, LY294002, was observed to have a synergistic effect on the proliferation inhibition and apoptotic induction of A549 cells with Shikonin.
CONCLUSIONS:
In conclusion, the results of the present study suggested that Cbl proteins promote Shikonin‑induced apoptosis by negatively regulating PI3K/Akt signaling in lung cancer cells.