Pectolinarigenin

Biol Pharm Bull. 2008 Nov;31(11):2063-7.

Anti-inflammatory activity of pectolinarigenin and pectolinarin isolated from Cirsium chanroenicum.[Pubmed: 18981574]

CONCLUSIONS:
In order to identify the active anti-inflammatory ingredient(s) in Cirsium chanroenicum (Compositae), its methanol extract and several solvent fractions were prepared; the methanol extract and the ethylacetate fraction inhibited cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2)-mediated prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX)-mediated leukotriene (LT) production in lipopolysaccharide-treated RAW 264.7 cells and A23187-treated rat basophilic leukemia (RBL-1) cells, respectively. Further bioactivity-guided fractionation of the ethylacetate fraction using column chromatography led to the isolation of Pectolinarigenin (5,7-dihydroxy-4',6-dimethoxyflavone), along with pectolinarin [Pectolinarigenin 7-rhamnosyl-(1-->6)-glucoside]. Pectolinarigenin strongly inhibited COX-2-mediated PGE2 and 5-LOX-mediated LT production at >1 microM, indicating that it is a dual inhibitor of COX-2/5-LOX. However, Pectolinarigenin did not affect COX-2 expression or nuclear transcription factor (NF-kappaB) activation. In addition, in vivo studies demonstrated that oral administration of these two compounds at 20-100 mg/kg resulted in similar inhibitory activities against several animal models of inflammation/allergy: arachidonic acid-induced mouse ear edema, carrageenan-induced mouse paw edema and passive cutaneous anaphylaxis.
CONCLUSIONS:
All of these results suggest that Pectolinarigenin and pectolinarin possess anti-inflammatory activity and that they may inhibit eicosanoid formation in inflammatory lesions. These activities certainly contribute to the anti-inflammatory mechanism of C. chanroenicum.

Biochem Biophys Res Commun . 2017 Nov 4;493(1):765-772.

Pectolinarigenin, an aglycone of pectolinarin, has more potent inhibitory activities on melanogenesis than pectolinarin[Pubmed: 28851651]

Abstract Pectolinarin and Pectolinarigenin have been reported to be major compounds in Cirsium setidens. In the present study, we demonstrated inhibitory effects of pectolinarin and Pectolinarigenin from C. setidens on melanogenesis. Melanin synthesis was decreased in both pectolinarin- and Pectolinarigenin-treated melan-a cells and in a reconstructed human skin model. However, Pectolinarigenin treatment showed more potent inhibitory activity of melanin synthesis than did pectolinarin treatment. The concentrations of pectolinarin and Pectolinarigenin in C. setidens water extracts were determined by HPLC. Unfortunately, the amount of Pectolinarigenin of C. setidens water extract was lower than that of pectolinarin. To increase the Pectolinarigenin content in C. setidens water extract, several component conversion methods were studied. Consequently, we identified that microwave irradiation under 1% acetic acid was an optimum sugar elimination method. Keywords: Cirsium setidens; Melanogenesis; Microwave; Pectolinarigenin; Pectolinarin; Whitening.

Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2014;2014:828760.

Inhibitory Effect on β -Hexosaminidase Release from RBL-2H3 Cells of Extracts and Some Pure Constituents of Benchalokawichian, a Thai Herbal Remedy, Used for Allergic Disorders.[Pubmed: 25580152]

Benchalokawichian (BCW), a Thai traditional herbal formulation, has long been used as antipyretic and to treat skin disorders. It comprises roots from five herbs: Ficus racemosa, Capparis micracantha, Clerodendrum petasites, Harrisonia perforata, and Tiliacora triandra. This polyherbal remedy has recently been included in the Thailand National List of Essential Medicines (Herbal Products list).
METHODS AND RESULTS:
A Bioassay-guided fractionation technique was used to evaluate antiallergy activities of crude extracts, and those obtained by the multistep column chromatography isolation of pure compounds. Inhibitory effect on the release of β-hexosaminidase from RBL-2H3 cells was used to determine antiallergic activity. Two pure compounds from BCW formulation showed higher antiallergic activity than crude or semipure extracts. Pectolinarigenin showed the highest antiallergic activity, followed by O-methylalloptaeroxylin, with IC50 values of 6.3 μg/mL and 14.16 μg/mL, respectively. Moreover, the highest activities of pure compounds were significantly higher than chlorpheniramine (16.2 μg/mL).
CONCLUSIONS:
This study provides some support for the use of BCW in reducing itching and treatment of other skin allergic disorders. The two isolated constituents exhibited high antiallergic activity and it is necessary to determine their mechanism of action. Further phytochemical and safety studies of pure compounds are required before development of these as antiallergy commercial remedies.

Biol Pharm Bull. 2008 Apr;31(4):760-4.

Pectolinarin and Pectolinarigenin of Cirsium setidens Prevent the Hepatic Injury in Rats Caused by D-Galactosamine via an Antioxidant Mechanism.[Pubmed: 18379079]

To identify the hepatoprotective component from the leaves of Cirsium setidens (Compositae), the methanolic extract was divided into two fractions, chloroform and butanol fractions, and their hepatoprotective efficacy was evaluated in a rat model of hepatic injury caused by D-galactosamine (GalN).
METHODS AND RESULTS:
Hepatoprotective activity was measured by the activity of serum aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). Glutathione metabolism was measured via biochemical parameters such as glutathione (GSH), glutathione reductase (GR), gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase (GCS), glutathione S-transferase (GST), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels. We subjected the butanol fraction, which had higher activity, to column chromatography to yield pectolinarin, which was further hydrolyzed to yield Pectolinarigenin. Administration (10, 20 mg/kg, p.o.) of the main flavonoid glycoside component, pectolinarin, and its aglycone, Pectolinarigenin, for 2 weeks significantly decreased the activity levels of AST, ALT, ALP and LDH, indicating that the two compounds have hepatoprotective activity. Pectolinarin and Pectolinarigenin also increased activity levels of GSH, GR, GCS, and GST, as well as SOD. The significant effect was only seen in SOD activity.
CONCLUSIONS:
This suggests that the two components exhibit hepatoprotective activity mainly via SOD antioxidant mechanism.