Senkirkine
Brood pattern analysis with Senkirkine shows maximum sensitivity in the late spermatid stage of spermatogenesis.
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Providing storage is as stated on the product vial and the vial is kept tightly sealed, the product can be stored for up to
24 months(2-8C).
Wherever possible, you should prepare and use solutions on the same day. However, if you need to make up stock solutions in advance, we recommend that you store the solution as aliquots in tightly sealed vials at -20C. Generally, these will be useable for up to two weeks. Before use, and prior to opening the vial we recommend that you allow your product to equilibrate to room temperature for at least 1 hour.
Need more advice on solubility, usage and handling? Please email to: service@chemfaces.com
The packaging of the product may have turned upside down during transportation, resulting in the natural compounds adhering to the neck or cap of the vial. take the vial out of its packaging and gently shake to let the compounds fall to the bottom of the vial. for liquid products, centrifuge at 200-500 RPM to gather the liquid at the bottom of the vial. try to avoid loss or contamination during handling.
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Mol Nutr Food Res. 2014 May;58(5):995-1004.
Structure-activity relationship in the passage of different pyrrolizidine alkaloids through the gastrointestinal barrier: ABCB1 excretes heliotrine and echimidine.[Pubmed:
24375927]
1,2-Unsaturated pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PA) are found in plants such as Asteraceae and Boraginaceae families. Acute PA poisoning via contaminated food or feed causes severe damage to liver depending on species-specific oral bioavailability. For assessing PA bioavailability, their passage across the intestinal barrier was investigated using Caco-2 cells.
METHODS AND RESULTS:
Differentiated Caco-2 cells were exposed in transport chambers to the PA heliotrine (Hn), echimidine (Em), senecionine (Sc), and Senkirkine (Sk). Cell supernatants were analyzed by LC-MS/MS. PA pass Caco-2 monolayer from the apical into basolateral compartment depending on their chemical structure. Compared to the cyclic diesters Sc and Senkirkine with a passage rate of 47% ± 4 and 40% ± 3, respectively, the transferred amount of the monoester Hn (32% ± 3) and open-chained diester Em (13% ± 2) was substantially lower. This suggested an active transport of Hn and Em. Using Madin-Darby canine kidney II/P-glycoprotein (ABCB1)-overexpressing cells, the active excretion of Hn and Em by ABCB1 from the gastrointestinal epithelium into the gut lumen was shown.
CONCLUSIONS:
PA cross the intestinal barrier structure-dependently. The passage of the noncyclic PA Hn and Em is reduced by an ABCB1-driven efflux into the gastrointestinal lumen resulting in a decreased oral bioavailability.
Food Chem Toxicol. 1984 Mar;22(3):223-5.
Mutagenic activity of the pyrrolizidine alkaloids seneciphylline and senkirkine in Drosophila and their transfer into rat milk.[Pubmed:
6423472]
METHODS AND RESULTS:
Seneciphylline and Senkirkine, two pyrrolizidine alkaloids that occur in animal feeds and medicinal herbs, respectively, have been tested for their ability to produce sex-linked recessive lethals in males of Drosophila melanogaster using the Basc test (3-day feeding method). Seneciphylline was found to be mutagenic at concentrations of 10(-5), 10(-4) and 10(-3)M, which produced 3.8% sex-linked recessive lethals (983 chromosomes tested). 9.0% (708) and 15.3% (327), respectively. Senkirkine (10(-5)M) produced 4.4% sex-linked recessive lethals (2541 chromosomes tested) against 0.17% (9081) in controls.
CONCLUSIONS:
Brood pattern analysis with Senkirkine showed maximum sensitivity in the late spermatid stage of spermatogenesis, which agrees with evidence that pyrrolizidine alkaloids act as indirect mutagens.
Flies fed with milk from lactating rats given an oral dose of 25 mg seneciphylline/kg showed 1.2% sex-linked recessive lethals (1477 chromosomes tested), against 0.3% (1533) in controls.
