Deoxyelephantopin

Food Chem Toxicol. 2013 Oct;60:98-108.

Evaluation of in vitro cytochrome P450 induction and inhibition activity of deoxyelephantopin, a sesquiterpene lactone from Elephantopus scaber L.[Pubmed: 23876819 ]

Drug metabolism involving cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes is a key determinant of significant drug interactions.
METHODS AND RESULTS:
Deoxyelephantopin was evaluated for its effects on the expression of mRNAs encoding CYP1A2, CYP2D6 and CYP3A4, and protein expression and resultant enzymatic activity. The mRNA and protein expression of cytochrome isoforms were carried out using an optimized multiplex qRT-PCR assay and Western blot analysis, respectively. Human CYP3A4 protein expression was determined using an optimized hCYP3A4-HepG2 cell-based assay and the enzymatic activity was evaluated using P450-Glo™ CYP3A4 assay. The molecular interaction and possible inhibition of Deoxyelephantopin of the CYP3A4 enzyme was determined in silico and further validated using substrate-specific CYP3A4 inhibition assays. Deoxyelephantopin produced no significant effect on the CYP1A2 and CYP2D6 mRNA and protein expression. However, it has a weak induction effect on CYP3A4 at the transcriptional level.
CONCLUSIONS:
In silico docking simulation showed that Deoxyelephantopin has a weak interaction with CYP3A4 enzyme and it minimally affects the metabolism of CYP3A4 substrates. Deoxyelephantopin is not an in vitro CYP1A2 and CYP2D6 inducer. It is both a weak in vitro CYP3A4 inducer and inhibitor and is unlikely to elicit a clinically significant effect in human.

Nat Prod Res. 2015 Feb 17:1-5.

Anti-metastatic effect of deoxyelephantopin from Elephantopus scaber in A549 lung cancer cells in vitro.[Pubmed: 25686703]

METHODS AND RESULTS:
In this study, we focused on the in vitro anti-metastatic effects of Deoxyelephantopin (DOE), a sesquiterpene lactone from Elephantopus scaber on lung cancer A549 cells. DOE significantly decreased the metastatic potential of A549 cells as demonstrated by transwell invasion and migration assay. DOE inhibited the expression of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2), MMP-9, urokinase-type plasminogen activator and urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor at transcript level. Tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase-2 (TIMP-2) mRNA levels was up-regulated in A549 tumour cells without any change in TIMP-1 expression after DOE treatment. DOE inhibited the protein levels of p-ERK1/2 and p-Akt in A549 cells but it activated p-JNK, p-p38 protein expression. NF-κB and IκBα expressions were down-regulated in DOE-treated cells.
CONCLUSIONS:
All these results demonstrated that DOE has shown anti-metastatic activity against A549 tumour cells.

Indian J. Pharmacol., 2005, 37(4):238-42.

Wound healing activity of the leaf extracts and deoxyelephantopin isolated from Elephantopus scaber Linn.[Reference: WebLink]

To evaluate the wound healing activity of the leaf extracts and Deoxyelephantopin isolated from Elephantopus scaber Linn.
METHODS AND RESULTS:
The effect of aqueous ethanol extracts and the isolated compound Deoxyelephantopin from E. scaber Linn. (Asteraceae) was evaluated on excision, incision, and dead space wound models in rats. The wound-healing activity was assessed by the rate of wound contraction, period of epithelialization, skin-breaking strength, weight of the granulation tissue, and collagen content. Histological study of the granulation tissue was carried out to know the extent of collagen formation in the wound tissue. The ethanol extract and the isolated constituent Deoxyelephantopin of E. scaber promoted wound-healing activity in all the three wound models. Significant ( P <0.01) increase in the rate of wound contraction on day 16 (98.8%, P <0.01), skin-breaking strength (412 g, P <0.01), and weight of the granulation tissue on day 10 (74 mg/100 g, P <0.01) were observed with Deoxyelephantopin-treated animals. In ethanol extract-treated animals, the rate of wound contraction on day 16, skin-breaking strength, and weight of the granulation tissue on day 10 ( P <0.01) were 92.4%, 380 g, and 61.67 mg/100 g, respectively. Histological studies of the granulation tissue also evidenced the healing process by the presence of a lesser number of chronic inflammatory cells, lesser edema, and increased collagenation than the control.
CONCLUSIONS:
The wound-healing activity was more significant in Deoxyelephantopin-treated animals.

Cell Biol Toxicol. 2014 Dec;30(6):331-43.

Deoxyelephantopin impairs growth of cervical carcinoma SiHa cells and induces apoptosis by targeting multiple molecular signaling pathways.[Pubmed: 25260383]

Deoxyelephantopin, a sesquiterpene lactone extracted and purified from Elephantopus scaber, has been shown to exhibit antitumor and hepatoprotective activities.
METHODS AND RESULTS:
The purpose of this study was to investigate the antiproliferative and apoptosis-inducing properties of Deoxyelephantopin in SiHa cells and to elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms. Deoxyelephantopin inhibited growth of SiHa cells and triggered apoptosis. Apoptosis was accompanied by sequential activation of caspases (8, 9, 3, and 7) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Downregulation of antiapoptotic proteins (Bcl2 and Bcl-xL) and upregulation of apoptotic protein (bax) were also detected. Our results demonstrated that Deoxyelephantopin-induced G2/M phase arrest was associated with a marked increase in the levels of p53 and p21 and a decrease in phospho-signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (pSTAT3-Tyr705), cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (cdc2), and cyclin B1. The expression of p-Akt and p-mTOR was downregulated. p-ERK was inhibited while p-JNK and p-p38 was activated on Deoxyelephantopin treatment.
CONCLUSIONS:
Our findings provided the first evidence that STAT3/p53/p21 signaling, MAPK pathway, PI3k/Akt/mTOR pathway, caspase cascades, and ROS play critical roles in Deoxyelephantopin-induced G2/M phase arrest and apoptosis of SiHa cells.

Free Radic Biol Med. 2012 Apr 15;52(8):1423-36.

Deoxyelephantopin impedes mammary adenocarcinoma cell motility by inhibiting calpain-mediated adhesion dynamics and inducing reactive oxygen species and aggresome formation.[Pubmed: 22342517]

We previously showed that Deoxyelephantopin (DET), a plant sesquiterpene lactone, exhibits more profound suppression than paclitaxel (PTX) of lung metastasis of mammary adenocarcinoma TS/A cells in mice. Proteomics studies suggest that DET affects actin cytoskeletal protein networks and downregulates calpain-mediated proteolysis of several actin-associated proteins, whereas PTX mainly interferes with microtubule proteins.
METHODS AND RESULTS:
Here, DET was observed to significantly deregulate adhesion formation in TS/A cells, probably through inhibition of m-calpain activity. Epithelial growth factor (EGF)-mediated activation of Rho GTPase Rac1 and formation of lamellipodia in TS/A cells were remarkably suppressed by DET treatment. Further, DET impaired vesicular trafficking of EGF and induced protein carbonylation and formation of centrosomal aggregates in TS/A cells. DET-induced reactive oxygen species were observed to be the upstream stimulus for the formation of centrosomal ubiquitinated protein aggregates that might subsequently restrict cancer cell motility. PTX, however, caused dramatic morphological changes, interfered with microtubule networking, and moderately inhibited calpain-mediated cytoskeletal and focal adhesion protein cleavage in TS/A cells.
CONCLUSIONS:
This study provides novel mechanistic insights into the pharmacological action of DET against metastatic mammary cell migration and suggests that modulation of oxidative stress might be a potential strategy for treatment of metastatic breast cancer.

J Integr Med. 2013 Jul;11(4):269-77.

Antineoplastic effects of deoxyelephantopin, a sesquiterpene lactone from Elephantopus scaber, on lung adenocarcinoma (A549) cells.[Pubmed: 23867245]

Deoxyelephantopin, a sesquiterpene lactone from Elephantopus scaber, showed inhibition of the growth of various tumor cells in vitro. In the present study, we investigated the cytotoxicity and apoptosis-inducing capacity of Deoxyelephantopin on lung adenocarcinoma (A549) cells.
METHODS AND RESULTS:
The cytotoxic effect of Deoxyelephantopin on A549 cells and normal lymphocytes was evaluated using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) value was determined. The self-renewal and proliferating potential of A549 cells after treatment with Deoxyelephantopin were examined by colony formation assay. Cellular morphology of Deoxyelephantopin-treated cells was observed using phase-contrast microscopy. Deoxyelephantopin exhibited cytotoxicity to A549 cells (IC50 = 12.287 μg/mL), however, there was no toxicity towards normal human lymphocytes. Deoxyelephantopin suppressed the colony-forming ability of A549 cells in a dose-dependent manner. Acridine orange, ethidium bromide and Hoechst 33342 staining showed cell shrinkage, chromosomal condensation and nuclear fragmentation, indicating induction of apoptosis. Deoxyelephantopin increased apoptosis of A549 cells, as evidenced by more TUNEL-positive cells. DNA fragmentation and Annexin V staining revealed late-stage apoptotic cell population. Deoxyelephantopin inhibited A549 cell growth by cell cycle arrest at G2/M phase and induced apoptosis through both extrinsic and intrinsic pathways.
CONCLUSIONS:
These results suggest that Deoxyelephantopin has great potential as a new chemotherapeutic agent to be developed further for the treatment of lung cancer.