Plumieride

J Org Chem. 2004 Sep 17;69(19):6165-72.

Structural modifications of plumieride isolated from Plumeria bicolor and the effect of these modifications on in vitro anticancer activity.[Pubmed: 15357574]

Plumieride was isolated as one of the major components from the biologically active methanolic extract of the bark of Plumeria bicolor (family Apocynaceae). For investigating the effect of substituents on cytotoxic activity it was modified into a series of compounds.
METHODS AND RESULTS:
Replacing the methyl ester functionality of Plumieride with alkyl amides of variable carbon units improved the cytotoxic activity, and a correlation between overall lipophilicity and cytotoxic activity was observed. In Plumieride, the glucose moiety was converted into a di- and trisaccharide by following the protection and deprotection approach, and the resulting compounds produced enhanced cytotoxicity. However, these compounds were found to be less effective than plumeiride containing a dodecyl (12 carbon units) amide group.
CONCLUSIONS:
Among all of the derivatives, the naturally occurring Plumieride showed the least cytotoxicity (50% cell kill = 49.5 microg/mL), and the dodecyl amide analogue of Plumieridepentaacetate produced the best efficacy (50% cell kill = 11.8 microg/mL). The di- and trisaccharide analogues were found to be slightly less effective than the dodecyl derivative (50% cell kill = 15-17 microg/mL). The in vitro cytotoxicity of the Plumieride analogues was determined in radiation-induced fibrosarcoma (RIF) tumor cells.

Phytother Res. 2002 Jun;16(4):393-4.

Plumieride from Allamanda cathartica as an antidermatophytic agent.[Pubmed: 12112301 ]

METHODS AND RESULTS:
Plumieride has been isolated as an active principle of the leaves of Allamanda cathartica. It showed strong fungitoxicity against some dermatophytes causing dermatomycosis to animals and human beings. It exhibited a noncytotoxic nature against a P(388) mouse leukaemia cell line.

Phytochemistry, 1979, 18(8):1399-400.

Plant growth inhibiting properties of plumieride from Plumeria obtusifolia.[Reference: WebLink]

METHODS AND RESULTS:
Plant growth inhibiting properties of Plumieride from Plumeria obtusifolia.

J&k State Science Congress, University of Jammu, Jammu. 2005.

Immunomodulatory activity of Plumieride, an iridoid glucoside from Plumieria acutifolia leaves.[Reference: WebLink]

METHODS AND RESULTS:
Immunomodulatory activity of Plumieride, an iridoid glucoside from Plumieria acutifolia leaves.

Phytomedicine. 2004 Feb;11(2-3):169-74.

Effects of plumieride, an iridoid on spermatogenesis in male albino rats.[Pubmed: 15070168 ]

METHODS AND RESULTS:
Oral feeding of male rats with Plumieride (15 mg/rat/day) for the period of 60 days did not cause any significant change in the body weight of treated rats. However, the weights of testes, epididymides, seminal vesicle and ventral prostate were significantly reduced when compared to control values. The production of step-19 spermatids was reduced by 87.26% in Plumieride treated rats. The population of preleptotene and pachytene spermatocytes were decreased by 64.26% and 55.13% respectively. Spermatogonia and sertoli cell population was also affected. Plumieride treatment resulted in an arrest of spermatogenesis without any systemic side effect. Sperm motility as well as sperm density was reduced significantly. The number of mature Leydig cells was decreased and complete suppression of fertility was observed. A significant fall in the protein and sialic acid contents of the testes, epididymides, seminal vesicle and ventral prostate as well as glycogen content of testes was also noticed. Fructose in seminal vesicle was lowered whereas testicular cholesterol was elevated. There was no significant change in RBC and WBC count, haemoglobin, haematocrit and sugar in the whole blood and total protein, cholesterol, phospholipid and triglycerides in the serum.
CONCLUSIONS:
Plumieride administration arrests spermatogenesis in male rats without noticeable side effects. For the clinical use more experiments should be carried out in a phased programme.

Antioxidants (Basel). 2014 Nov 27;3(4):798-813.

Antioxidant Potential of Plumieride against CCl₄-Induced Peroxidative Damage in Rats.[Pubmed: 26785241]

In search of a new potent as an antioxidant from natural sources, Plumieride-an iridoid isolated from the methanol extract of the bark of Plumeria bicolor (family Apocynaceae) was evaluated for its antioxidant potential against CCl₄-induced peroxidative damage in liver of rats.
METHODS AND RESULTS:
The antioxidant potential was evaluated by using hepatic tissue for SOD (superoxide dismutase), CAT (catalase), GSH (reduced glutathione), GPx (glutathione peroxidase), GR (glutathione reductase) and LPO (lipid peroxidation) alongwith the concomitant blood serum for AST & ALT (aspartate and alanine transaminases), GGT (gamma glutamyl transpeptidase), ALP (alkaline phosphatase), total bilirubin and total protein contents. All the biochemical parameters were significantly (p ≤ 0.001) altered by CCl₄ (0.3 mL/kg body weight/twice a week, intra-peritoneally for 30 days). Simultaneously, oral treatment with Plumieride (5, 10 and 20 mg/kg body weight/day for 30 days), restored all the parameters towards a normal level, remarkably. The histological findings of liver sections further corroborated the antioxidant potential of Plumieride compared with standard drug-silymarin.
CONCLUSIONS:
In conclusion, Plumieride consists of sugar molecules, which have alcoholic groups. Therefore, the alcoholic groups of sugar increase its antioxidant potential through intermolecular hydrogen bonding along with the thiol(SH) group of non-protein thiols and enzymes resulting in the restoration of the antioxidant system. Therefore, it might be considered a natural antioxidant against peroxidative damage in rats.