Pelargonidin chloride

Frontiers in Pharmacology, 2017, 8:868.

Pelargonidin Modulates Keap1/Nrf2 Pathway Gene Expression and Ameliorates Citrinin-Induced Oxidative Stress in HepG2 Cells.[Reference: WebLink]

Pelargonidin chloride (PC) is one of the major anthocyanin found in berries, radish and other natural foods. Many natural chemopreventive compounds have been shown to be potent inducers of phase II detoxification genes and its up-regulation is important for oxidative stress related disorders.
METHODS AND RESULTS:
In the present study, we investigated the effect of PC in ameliorating citrinin (CTN) induced cytotoxicity and oxidative stress. The cytotoxicity of CTN was evaluated by treating HepG2 (Human hepatocellular carcinoma) cells with CTN (0-150 μM) in a dose dependent manner for 24 h, and the IC50 was determined to be 96.16 μM. CTN increased lactate dehydrogenase leakage (59%), elevated reactive oxygen species (2.5-fold), depolarized mitochondrial membrane potential as confirmed by JC-1 monomers and arrested cell cycle at G2/M phase. Further, apoptotic and necrotic analysis revealed significant changes followed by DNA damage. To overcome these toxicological effects, PC was pretreated for 2 h followed by CTN exposure for 24 h. Pretreatment with PC resulted in significant increase in cell viability (84.5%), restored membrane integrity, reactive oxygen species level were maintained and cell cycle phases were normal. PC significantly up-regulated the activity of detoxification enzymes: heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1), glutathione transferase, glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase and quinone reductase. Nrf2 translocation into the nucleus was also observed by immunocytochemistry analysis.
CONCLUSIONS:
These data demonstrate the protective effect of PC against CTN-induced oxidative stress in HepG2 cells and up-regulated the activity of detoxification enzyme levels through Keap1/Nrf2 signaling pathway.

Biochem Pharmacol, 1996, 52(7):1033-1039.

Inhibition of lipid peroxidation and the active oxygen radical scavenging effect of anthocyanin pigments isolated from Phaseolus vulgaris L.[Reference: WebLink]

METHODS AND RESULTS:
No attention has been paid to anthocyanin pigments from the viewpoint of inhibitors of lipid peroxidation and scavengers of active oxygen radicals; therefore, we investigated the antioxidative, radical scavenging, and inhibitory effects on lipid peroxidation by UV light irradiation of three anthocyanin pigments, pelargonidin 3-O-beta-D-glucoside (P3G), cyanidin 3-O-beta-D-glucoside (C3G), and delphinidin 3-O-beta-D-glucoside (D3G), isolated from the Phaseolus vulgaris L. seed coat, and their aglycons, Pelargonidin chloride (Pel), cyanidin chloride (Cy), and delphinidin chloride (Del).
CONCLUSIONS:
All pigments had strong antioxidative activity in a liposomal system and reduced the formation of malondialdehyde by UVB irradiation. On the other hand, the extent of antioxidative activity in a rat liver microsomal system and the scavenging effect of hydroxyl radicals (-OH) and superoxide anion radicals (O2-) were influenced by their own structures.

Biochemical Pharmacology, 1981, 30(7):697-702.

Inhibition of lung cyclic AMP- and cyclic GMP-phosphodiesterases by flavonoids and other chromone-like compounds.[Reference: WebLink]

METHODS AND RESULTS:
A series of 17 flavonoids and related compounds were tested as inhibitors of bovine lung cyclic AMP- and cyclic GMP-phosphodiesterase, comparatively to 12 reference substances, including antianaphylactic drugs. Most of the chromone-like compounds, including flavonoids disodium cromoglycate, gentiacaulein (a xanthone) and gentiacaulein (an anthraquinone) exhibited a higher potency for the inhibition of cyclic GMP hydrolysis with respect to cyclic AMP hydrolysis. The highest selectivities were observed using Pelargonidin chloride and gentiacaulein with potencies similar to that of 1-methyl 3-isobutyl xanthine. Catechins were also highly selective of the cyclic GMP hydrolysis, but showed smaller potencies. These selectivities, however, remained smaller than observed when using 2'deoxy cyclic GMP, cyclic IMP, ICI 74917 and M&B 22948. An opposite selectivity was observed using khellin, a xanthone, papaverine, ZK62711 and Ro-20 1724, which show higher potencies of inhibition of cyclic AMP hydrolysis with respect to cyclic AMP hydrolysis.
CONCLUSIONS:
Altogether, these data suggest that the antianaphylactic properties of chromone-like compounds might be related to the increase of both cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP through the inhibition of phosphodiesterase.

Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B: Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 2016, 196-197:102-108.

Effect of anthocyanidins on myogenic differentiation in induced and non-induced primary myoblasts from rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss).[Reference: WebLink]

A study was conducted to test whether an anthocyanidin mixture (peonidin, cyanidin and Pelargonidin chloride) modulates myogenesis in both induced and non-induced myogenic cells from juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss).
METHODS AND RESULTS:
We evaluated three different anthocyanidin concentrations (1×, 2.5× and 10×) at two sampling times (24 and 36h). To test for treatment effects, we analyzed the expression of myoD and pax7 as well as two target genes of the Notch signaling pathway, hey2 and her6. In induced myogenic cells, the lowest and middle anthocyanidin doses caused significantly greater expression of myoD after 24h of treatment compared to control. A significantly higher expression of pax7 in cells exposed to either anthocyanidin treatment during 36h compared was observed. Similarly, the pax7/myoD ratio was significantly lower in cells exposed to the lowest anthocyanidin doses during 24h compared to control. No significant effect of anthocyanidin treatments on the expression of hey2 and her6 at either sampling point was detected. In non-induced cells, we observed no effect of anthocyanidins on myoD expression and significant down-regulation on pax7 expression in cells exposed to either anthocyanidin mixture concentrations after 24 and 36h of treatment compared to control. Further, the pax7/myoD ratio was significantly lower in cells exposed to either anthocyanidin doses at both sampling time. In non-induced cells, the highest anthocyanidin dose provoked significantly greater expression of hey2 after 24h of treatment compared to control. We detected no such effect in non-induced cells exposed to the lowest and middle anthocyanidin doses during 24h of treatment. The expression of her6 was unaffected by anthocyanidin treatments at either sampling time or doses compared to control.
CONCLUSIONS:
Collectively, these findings provide evidence that anthocyanidins modulate specific components of the myogenic programming in fish, thereby potentially affecting somatic growth in fish fed plant-derived extracts rich in this type of polyphenols. Moreover, in early differentiating myogenic cells, the anthocyanidin effect on myogenic programming appears to differ based upon the exposure time and the differentiation stage of the myogenic cells by boosting myogenic differentiation signaling after 24h treatment while pausing differentiation, potentially favoring cell survival after 36h treatment. Further research to determine whether plant-derived secondary metabolites including alkaloids, terpenoids, tannins, saponins, glycosides, flavonoids, phenolics, steroids and essential oils can modulate myogenic programming in myogenic cells isolated from finfish species is warranted.