Chondroitin sulfate
Chondroitin sulfate has anti-inflammatory and chondroprotective actions ,it has been widely used in the treatment of osteoarthritis. Chondroitin sulfate reduces inflammation mediators and the apoptotic process and is able to reduce protein production of inflammatory cytokines, iNOS and MMPs.Chondroitin sulfate is a regulator of neuronal patterning in the retina, in the developing mammalian retina, gradual regression of chondroitin sulfate may help control the onset of ganglion cell differentiation and initial direction of their axons.
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Providing storage is as stated on the product vial and the vial is kept tightly sealed, the product can be stored for up to
24 months(2-8C).
Wherever possible, you should prepare and use solutions on the same day. However, if you need to make up stock solutions in advance, we recommend that you store the solution as aliquots in tightly sealed vials at -20C. Generally, these will be useable for up to two weeks. Before use, and prior to opening the vial we recommend that you allow your product to equilibrate to room temperature for at least 1 hour.
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The packaging of the product may have turned upside down during transportation, resulting in the natural compounds adhering to the neck or cap of the vial. take the vial out of its packaging and gently shake to let the compounds fall to the bottom of the vial. for liquid products, centrifuge at 200-500 RPM to gather the liquid at the bottom of the vial. try to avoid loss or contamination during handling.
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Dev Neurobiol. 2015 Mar 18.
MicroRNAs in the axon locally mediate the effects of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans and cGMP on axonal growth.[Pubmed:
25788427]
Axonal miRNAs locally regulate axonal growth by modulating local protein composition. Whether localized miRNAs in the axon mediate the inhibitory effect of Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) on the axon remains unknown.
METHODS AND RESULTS:
We showed that in cultured cortical neurons, axonal application of CSPGs inhibited axonal growth and altered axonal miRNA profiles, whereas elevation of axonal cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) levels by axonal application of sildenafil reversed the effect of CSPGs on inhibition of axonal growth and on miRNA profiles. Specifically, CSPGs elevated and reduced axonal levels of miR-29c and integrin β1 (ITGB1) proteins, respectively, while elevation of cGMP levels overcame these CSPG effects. Gain-of- and loss-of-function experiments demonstrated that miR-29c in the distal axon mediates axonal growth downstream of CSPGs and cGMP by regulating axonal protein levels of ITGB1, FAK, and RhoA.
CONCLUSIONS:
Together, our data demonstrate that axonal miRNAs play an important role in mediating the inhibitory action of CSPGs on axonal growth and that miR-29c at least partially mediates this process.
Science. 1992 Feb 7;255(5045):733-6.
Chondroitin sulfate as a regulator of neuronal patterning in the retina.[Pubmed:
1738848]
Highly sulfated proteoglycans are correlated with axon boundaries in the developing central nervous system which suggests that these molecules affect neural pattern formation.
METHODS AND RESULTS:
In the developing mammalian retina, gradual regression of Chondroitin sulfate may help control the onset of ganglion cell differentiation and initial direction of their axons. Changes induced by the removal of Chondroitin sulfate from intact retinas in culture confirm the function of Chondroitin sulfate in retinal histogenesis.
Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2008;16 Suppl 3:S14-8.
Anti-inflammatory activity of chondroitin sulfate.[Pubmed:
18667340 ]
Osteoarthritis is primarily characterized by areas of destruction of articular cartilage and by synovitis.
METHODS AND RESULTS:
Articular damage and synovitis are secondary to local increase of pro-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin-1beta and tumor necrosis factor-alpha), enzymes with proteolytic activity (matrix metalloproteinases), and enzymes with pro-inflammatory activity (cyclooxygenase-2 and nitric oxide synthase-2). Enhanced expression of these proteins in chondrocytes and in synovial membrane appears associated to the activation and nuclear translocation of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB). Chondroitin sulfate (CS) prevents joint space narrowing and reduces joint swelling and effusion. To produce these effects, CS elicits an anti-inflammatory effect at the chondral and synovial levels. CS and its disaccharides reduce NF-kappaB nuclear translocation, probably by diminishing extracellular signal-regulated kinase1/2, p38mitogen-activated protein kinase and c-Jun N-terminal kinase activation.
CONCLUSIONS:
This review discusses the evidence supporting that CS pleiotropic effects in chondrocytes and synoviocytes are primarily due to a common mechanism, e.g., the inhibition of NF-kappaB nuclear translocation.
Carbohydr Polym. 2015 May 5;121:362-71.
Inhibitory effect of chondroitin sulfate oligosaccharides on bovine testicular hyaluronidase.[Pubmed:
25659711]
Hyaluronan and Chondroitin sulfates are prominent components of the extracellular matrices of animal tissues; however, their functions in relation to their oligosaccharide structures have not yet been fully elucidated.
METHODS AND RESULTS:
The oligosaccharides of hyaluronan and Chondroitin sulfate were prepared and used to investigate their effects on the hydrolysis and transglycosylation reactions of bovine testicular hyaluronidase when hyaluronan was used as a substrate. Hydrolysis and transglycosylation activities were assessed in independent reaction systems by analyzing the products by HPLC. The hydrolysis and transglycosylation reactions of bovine testicular hyaluronidase were dose-dependently inhibited by Chondroitin sulfate oligosaccharides, but not by hyaluronan or chondroitin oligosaccharides.
CONCLUSIONS:
A kinetic analysis of the hydrolysis reaction using hyaluronan octasaccharide revealed that the inhibition mode by Chondroitin sulfate oligosaccharides was competitive.
