Chebulic acid

Biol Pharm Bull. 2014;37(7):1162-7. Epub 2014 Apr 24.

Effects of chebulic acid on advanced glycation endproducts-induced collagen cross-links.[Pubmed: 24759763]

Advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) have been implicated in the development of diabetic complications.
METHODS AND RESULTS:
We report the antiglycating activity of Chebulic acid (CA), isolated from Terminalia chebula on breaking the cross-links of proteins induced by AGEs and inhibiting the formation of AGEs. Aminoguanidine (AG) reduced 50% of glycated bovine serum albumin (BSA) with glycolaldehyde (glycol-BSA)-induced cross-links of collagen at a concentration of 67.8 ± 2.5 mM, the level of CA required for exerting a similar antiglycating activity was 38.8 ± 0.5 µM. Also, the breaking activity on collagen cross-links induced by glycol-BSA was potent with CA (IC50=1.46 ± 0.05 mM), exhibiting 50-fold stronger breaking activity than with ALT-711, a well-known cross-link breaker (IC50=72.2 ± 2.4 mM). IC50 values of DPPH· scavenging activity for CA and ascorbic acid (AA) were 39.2 ± 4.9 and 19.0 ± 1.2 µg dry matter (DM) mL(-1), respectively, and ferric reducing and antioxidant power (FRAP) activities for CA and AA were 4.70 ± 0.06 and 11.4 ± 0.1 mmol/FeSO4·7H2O/g DM, respectively. The chelating activities of CA, AG and ALT711 on copper-catalyzed oxidation of AA were compared, and in increasing order, ALT-711 (IC50 of 1.92 ± 0.20 mM)CONCLUSIONS:
Thus, CA could be a breaker as well as an inhibitor of AGE cross-linking, the activity of which may be explained in large part by its chelating and antioxidant activities, suggesting that CA may constitute a promising antiglycating candidate in intervening AGE-mediated diabetic complications.

J Ethnopharmacol. 2010 Oct 5;131(3):567-74.

Preventive effects of chebulic acid isolated from Terminalia chebula on advanced glycation endproduct-induced endothelial cell dysfunction.[Pubmed: 20659546]

The present study therefore investigated the protective mechanism of Chebulic acid, a phenolcarboxylic acid compound isolated from the ripe fruits of Terminalia chebula against advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs)-induced endothelial cell dysfunction.
METHODS AND RESULTS:
To investigate the protective mechanism of Chebulic acid against vascular endothelial dysfunction human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) were treated with Chebulic acid in the presence/absence of glyceraldehyde-related AGEs (glycer-AGEs). HUVEC incubated with 100 μg/ml of glycer-AGEs had significantly enhanced reactive oxygen species formation, whereas the treatment of Chebulic acid dose-dependently reduced glycer-AGE-induced formation to 108.2 ± 1.9% for 25 μM versus 137.8 ± 1.1% for glycer-AGEs treated alone. The transendothelial electrical resistance (TER) value of the glycer-AGEs group was dramatically decreased to 76.9 ± 2.2% compared to the control, whereas Chebulic acid treatment prevented glycer-AGE-induced TER change with a value of 91.3 ± 5.3%. The incubation of confluent HUVEC with 100 μg/ml of glycer-AGEs for 24h remarkably increased the adhesion of human monocytic THP-1 cells compared to non-stimulated HUVEC. These increases in HUVEC adhesiveness were dose-dependently reduced by Chebulic acid.
CONCLUSIONS:
The present study shows the effects of Chebulic acid against the progression of AGE-induced endothelial cell dysfunction suggesting that this compound may constitute a promising intervention agent against diabetic vascular complications.

Arch Toxicol. 2007 Mar;81(3):211-8. Epub 2006 Aug 24.

Isolation of chebulic acid from Terminalia chebula Retz. and its antioxidant effect in isolated rat hepatocytes.[Pubmed: 16932919]

A hepatoprotective compound was isolated from the ethanolic extract of the fruits of Terminalia chebula Retz. by consecutive solvent partitioning, followed by silica gel and Sephadex LH-20 column chromatographies.
METHODS AND RESULTS:
The purified compound was identified as a mixture of Chebulic acid and its minor isomer, neoChebulic acid, with a ratio of 2:1 by spectroscopic analysis including 1D and 2D NMR and MS spectroscopy. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the protection of rat hepatocytes against oxidative toxicity by Chebulic acid obtained from T. chebula Retz. This compound exhibited in vitro a free radical-scavenging activity and ferric-reducing antioxidant activity. Also, the specific ESR spectrum for the (*)OOH radical signals consisting of three-line ESR spectra was within the field of 0.27 mT, whereas 2.5 and 0.25 mg/ml of Chebulic acid significantly reduced the signal intensity of the ESR spectra to 0.06 mT and 0.11 mT, respectively.
CONCLUSIONS:
Using isolated rat hepatocyte experiment, we demonstrated that the treatment of hepatocytes with Chebulic acid significantly reduced the tert-butyl hydroperoxide (t-BHP)-induced cell cytotoxicity, intracellular reactive oxygen species level, and the ratio of GSSH, oxidized form of glutathione (GSH) to the over total GSH (GSH + GSSG) (4.42%) as compared to that with t-BHP alone (8.33%).

BMC Complement Altern Med . 2017 Jul 19;17(1):373.

Protective effects of chebulic acid on alveolar epithelial damage induced by urban particulate matter[Pubmed: 28724416]

Abstract Background: Chebulic acid (CA) isolated from T. chebula, which has been reported for treating asthma, as a potent anti-oxidant resources. Exposure to ambient urban particulate matter (UPM) considered as a risk for cardiopulmonary vascular dysfunction. To investigate the protective effect of CA against UPM-mediated collapse of the pulmonary alveolar epithelial (PAE) cell (NCI-H441), barrier integrity parameters, and their elements were evaluated in PAE. Methods: CA was acquired from the laboratory previous reports. UPM was obtained from the National Institutes of Standards and Technology, and these were collected in St. Louis, MO, over a 24-month period and used as a standard reference. To confirm the protection of PAE barrier integrity, paracellular permeability and the junctional molecules were estimated with determination of transepithelial electrical resistance, Western Blotting, RT-PCR, and fluorescent staining. Results: UPM aggravated the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in PAE and also decreased mRNA and protein levels of junction molecules and barrier integrity in NCI-H441. However, CA repressed the ROS in PAE, also improved barrier integrity by protecting the junctional parameters in NCI-H411. Conclusions: These data showed that CA resulted in decreased UPM-induced ROS formation, and the protected the integrity of the tight junctions against UPM exposure to PAE barrier. Keywords: Alveolar barrier dysfunction; Chebulic acid; Inflammation; Pulmonary alveolus; Urban particulate matter.

Pharm Biol. 2013 Jan;51(1):23-9.

Chebulic acid attenuates ischemia reperfusion induced biochemical alteration in diabetic rats.[Pubmed: 22963650]

Diabetic nephropathy is one of the important microvascular complications of diabetes; however, the main problem remains is the control of progression of nephropathy in diabetes. Chebulic acid was selected, as tannins from Terminalia chebula are used as antidiabetic, renoprotective, antioxidant, hypotensive and an α-glucosidase inhibitor.In this study, we evaluated the effect of Chebulic acid on ischemia reperfusion induced biochemical alteration in diabetic rats.
METHODS AND RESULTS:
Chebulic acid (CA) was isolated from T. chebula; LD(50) and acute toxicity studies of CA were done. Renal ischemia and reperfusion technique was used to induce nephropathy in diabetic rats. Glibenclamide (10 mg/kg) was used as diabetic standard; CA at doses of 25 and 50 mg/kg were administered for 28 days and various biochemical parameters were monitored. The LD(50) was found to be 251 mg/kg; 25 and 50 mg/kg doses were selected as no toxic symptoms were observed at both doses, except slight diarrhea. CA significantly (p < 0.001) reduced the glucose, creatinine, urea nitrogen, glycosylated hemoglobulin, proteinuria, urine albumin excretion, glomerular filtration rate (GFR), and increased serum insulin and glycogen level. CA also restored glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase, glutathione, superoxide dismutase, catalase and malondialdehyde levels. Improvement in kidney was also noted in histopathological studies.
CONCLUSIONS:
The statistical data indicated that Chebulic acid at both doses (25 and 50 mg/kg) improves biochemical alterations caused by renal ischemia in diabetic rats.