Adenine
Adenine is a purine derivative and a nucleobase with a variety of roles in biochemistry. Adenine, an AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activator, can accelerate the diabetic wound healing by PPAR delta and angiogenic regulation; it also can increase the inhibitory activity of human interferon against encephalomyocarditis virus. Adenine can act as an efficient radiation-protecting agent at low concentration (2 micromol) and also inhibit cytostatic properties with regard to cancer cells at higher concentration.
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Providing storage is as stated on the product vial and the vial is kept tightly sealed, the product can be stored for up to
24 months(2-8C).
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Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1986 Jul;30(1):192-5.
Potentiation by levamisole, methisoprinol, and adenine or adenosine of the inhibitory activity of human interferon against encephalomyocarditis virus.[Pubmed:
2428301 ]
METHODS AND RESULTS:
The antiviral action of different human interferons against encephalomyocarditis virus in HeLa cell cultures was analyzed. Cell treatment with levamisole (200 micrograms/ml), methisoprinol (1 mg/ml), or Adenine or adenosine (33 or 100 micrograms/ml, respectively) potentiated the anti-encephalomyocarditis virus activity of human interferon by 8- to 32-fold.
CONCLUSIONS:
A higher level of potentiation (256-fold) was achieved either by combined treatments with levamisole plus methisoprinol or by treatment with one of these compounds plus Adenine or adenosine.
Anticancer Res. 2006 Jul-Aug;26(4B):3005-10.
Radiation-induced effect of adenine (vitamin B4) on mitomycin C activity. In vitro experiments.[Pubmed:
16886627]
METHODS AND RESULTS:
The radiation-induced biological behavior of Adenine (vitamin B4) was investigated in vitro under various conditions, implementing breast cancer cells (MCF-7 line) as a model. In aerated media (46% OH and 54% O2*-) at pH=7.4, Adenine at low concentration (2 micromol) acted as an efficient radiation-protecting agent. At higher concentration, however, it inhibited cytostatic properties with regard to cancer cells. This double-track activity is based on its chemical structure. Similar features of Adenine were also observed in air-free (46% OH, 44% e- aq, 10% H) as well as in media saturated with N2O (90% OH, 10% H), but with different efficiencies. In the presence of mitomycin C (MMC), Adenine retained its double-track behavior.
CONCLUSIONS:
Hence, Adenine and MMC compete for the e- aq, but the electronically excited Adenine molecules can transfer electrons to MMC, leading to the additional formation of active MMC-. By implementation of formate for the conversion of OH and H into the transient *COO-, which subsequently transfers electron to MMC, a highest efficiency of MMC- was obtained.
Eur J Pharmacol. 2017 Nov 21;818:569-577.
Adenine accelerated the diabetic wound healing by PPAR delta and angiogenic regulation.[Pubmed:
29162431 ]
Wound healing is one of the major complications of diabetes, and problems with wound healing in diabetics often lead to amputation and even death. AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a protein involved in intracellular metabolism. Activated AMPK can reduce visceral fat and cholesterol synthesis and even inhibit hepatic gluconeogenesis. Activation of AMPK has been widely used in the treatment of type II diabetes.
METHODS AND RESULTS:
We applied an AMPK activator (Adenine) to human fibroblasts and to the wounds of streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. We applied Adenine ointment to the wounds on 7 consecutive days and observed the healing status as well as activation of AMPK and angiogenic factors. Based on the appearance of the wounds, the results showed that after 7 days of treatment the wound area was smaller in the Adenine-treated group relative to the control group.
CONCLUSIONS:
The results for tissue protein expression showed that, compared to the control group, angiogenic related protein, PPARĪ“ were increased and receptor for advanced glycation endproducts (RAGE) was decreased in the Adenine-treated group. Our studies indicate that Adenine has the potential to become a useful drug in the treatment of diabetic wound healing.
Science, 2000, 289(5480):782-5.
Role of adenine nucleotide translocator 1 in mtDNA maintenance.[Pubmed:
10926541]
Autosomal dominant progressive external ophthalmoplegia is a rare human disease that shows a Mendelian inheritance pattern, but is characterized by large-scale mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) deletions.
METHODS AND RESULTS:
We have identified two heterozygous missense mutations in the nuclear gene encoding the heart/skeletal muscle isoform of the Adenine nucleotide translocator (ANT1) in five families and one sporadic patient. The familial mutation substitutes a proline for a highly conserved alanine at position 114 in the ANT1 protein. The analogous mutation in yeast caused a respiratory defect.
CONCLUSIONS:
These results indicate that ANT has a role in mtDNA maintenance and that a mitochondrial disease can be caused by a dominant mechanism.
