Linalool

Antimicrob. Agents Ch., 2003, 47(6):1895-901.

Antileishmanial activity of a linalool-rich essential oil from Croton cajucara.[Pubmed: 12760864 ]

The in vitro leishmanicidal effects of a Linalool-rich essential oil from the leaves of Croton cajucara against Leishmania amazonensis were investigated.
METHODS AND RESULTS:
Morphological changes in L. amazonensis promastigotes treated with 15 ng of essential oil per ml were observed by transmission electron microscopy; leishmanial nuclear and kinetoplast chromatin destruction, followed by cell lysis, was observed within 1 h. Pretreatment of mouse peritoneal macrophages with 15 ng of essential oil per ml reduced by 50% the interaction between these macrophages and L. amazonensis, with a concomitant increase by 220% in the level of nitric oxide production by the infected macrophages. Treatment of preinfected macrophages with 15 ng of essential oil per ml reduced by 50% the interaction between these cells and the parasites, which led to a 60% increase in the amount of nitric oxide produced by the preinfected macrophages.
CONCLUSIONS:
These results provide new perspectives on the development of drugs with activities against Leishmania, as Linalool-rich essential oil is a strikingly potent leishmanicidal plant extract (50% lethal doses, 8.3 ng/ml for promastigotes and 8.7 ng/ml for amastigotes) which inhibited the growth of L. amazonensis promastigotes at very low concentrations (MIC, 85.0 pg/ml) and which presented no cytotoxic effects against mammalian cells.

Oral Microbiol Immunol. 2005 Apr;20(2):101-5.

Antimicrobial activity of Croton cajucara Benth linalool-rich essential oil on artificial biofilms and planktonic microorganisms.[Pubmed: 15720570 ]

We have previously demonstrated that a Linalool-rich essential oil from Croton cajucara Benth presents leishmanicidal activity.
METHODS AND RESULTS:
In the present study, we demonstrate that this essential oil inhibits the growth of reference samples of Candida albicans, Lactobacillus casei, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus sobrinus, Porphyromonas gingivalis and Streptococcus mutans cell suspensions, all of them associated with oral cavity disease. The purified Linalool fraction was only inhibitory for C. albicans. Microbes of saliva specimens from human individuals with fixed orthodontic appliances, as well as the reference strains, were used to construct an artificial biofilm which was exposed to Linalool or to the essential oil. As in microbial suspensions, the essential oil was toxic for all the microorganisms, while the purified Linalool fraction mainly inhibited the growth of C. albicans. The compounds of the essential oil were separated by thin layer chromatography and exposed to the above-cited microorganisms. In this analysis, the proliferation of the bacterial cells was inhibited by still uncharacterized molecules, and Linalool was confirmed as the antifungal component of the essential oil.
CONCLUSIONS:
The effects of Linalool on the cell biology of C. albicans were evaluated by electron microscopy, which showed that Linalool induced a reduction in cell size and abnormal germination. Neither the crude essential oil nor the purified Linalool fraction is toxic to mammalian cells, which suggests that the essential oil or its purified components may be useful to control the microbial population in patients with fixed orthodontic appliances.

Pharmacol Res. 2000 Aug;42(2):177-82.

Linalool modifies the nicotinic receptor-ion channel kinetics at the mouse neuromuscular junction.[Pubmed: 10887049 ]

Linalool is a monoterpene compound reported to be a major component of essential oils in various aromatic species. Several Linalool-producing species are used in traditional medical systems. Among these is Aeolanthus suaveolens G. Dom (Labiatae) which is used as an anticonvulsant in the Brazilian Amazon. Psychopharmacological in vivo evaluation of Linalool showed that this compound has dose-dependent marked sedative effects at the central nervous system (CNS), including hypnotic, anticonvulsant and hypothermic properties. It has been suggested that these neurochemical effects might be ascribed to the local anaesthetic activity of Linalool.
METHODS AND RESULTS:
The present study reports an inhibitory effect of Linalool on the acetylcholine (ACh) release and on the channel open time in the mouse neuromuscular junction. These findings could provide a rational basis to confirm the traditional medical use of Linalool-producing plant species.
CONCLUSIONS:
Indeed, our data demonstrate some interactions in the modulation of the ACh release at the mouse neuromuscular junction, which are well correlated with the suggested molecular mechanisms. Linalool induced a reduction of the ACh-evoked release. The possibility that this effect could be ascribed to some interaction with pre-synaptic function is noteworthy. Moreover, the inhibitory effect induced on the kinetics of the miniature end-plate current decay demonstrates a local anaesthetic action, either on the voltage or on the receptor-activated channels.

Food Chem Toxicol. 2009 Jan;47(1):260-6.

Protective effect of linalool, myrcene and eucalyptol against t-butyl hydroperoxide induced genotoxicity in bacteria and cultured human cells.[Pubmed: 19049815 ]

We studied the protective effect of monoterpenes myrcene, eucalyptol and Linalool against t-butyl hydroperoxide (t-BOOH) induced genotoxicity in reverse mutation assay with Escherichia coli WP2 IC185 strain and its oxyR mutant IC202, and with the comet assay in human hepatoma HepG2 and human B lymphoid NC-NC cells.
METHODS AND RESULTS:
The monoterpenes were tested in concentration ranges 0.05-1.5 mg/plate and 0.01-1.0 microg/ml in bacteria and mammalian cells, respectively. Suppression of t-BOOH induced mutagenesis was detected only in IC202 strain, and correlated with the observed inhibition of lipid peroxidation by the three monoterpenes. Linalool and myrcene strongly suppressed t-BOOH induced mutagenesis. Eucalyptol, in addition to moderate suppression of t-BOOH induced mutagenesis, suppressed also spontaneous mutagenesis. In NC-NC cells Linalool and myrcene reduced t-BOOH induced DNA damage by about 50% at 0.01 microg/ml, while eucalyptol was less efficient (about 50% reduction at 1.0 microg/ml). In HepG2 cells Linalool and eucalyptol reduced DNA damage by 30% and 40%, respectively, while myrcene was ineffective. The repair of t-BOOH induced DNA damage, studied in HepG2 cells, was not affected by monoterpenes.
CONCLUSIONS:
The results indicate that Linalool, eucalyptol and myrcene have substantial protective effect against oxidant induced genotoxicity, which is predominately mediated by their radical scavenging activity.

J Surg Res. 2013 Mar;180(1):e47-54.

Anti-inflammatory effects of linalool in RAW 264.7 macrophages and lipopolysaccharide-induced lung injury model.[Pubmed: 23228323 ]

Inflammation, characterized by redness, swelling, pain and a sensation of heat, is one of the body's self-defense systems. Although the inflammation response has an important role in host survival, it also leads to chronic inflammatory diseases. Linalool is a natural compound of the essential oils in several aromatic plants species. It possesses anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive, and other bioactive properties. In the present study, we investigated the protective effects of Linalool on inflammation in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells and an LPS-induced in vivo lung injury model. Linalool attenuated the production of LPS-induced tumor necrosis-α and interleukin-6 both in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, phosphorylation of IκBα protein, p38, c-Jun terminal kinase, and extracellular signal-regulated kinase in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells was blocked by Linalool. Our in vivo study also found that Linalool attenuated lung histopathologic changes in mouse models. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that Linalool inhibits inflammation both in vitro and in vivo, and may be a potential therapeutic candidate for the treatment of inflammatory diseases.

Phytomedicine. 2010 Jul;17(8-9):679-83.

Effects of inhaled Linalool in anxiety, social interaction and aggressive behavior in mice.[Pubmed: 19962290 ]

Aromatherapy uses essential oils (EOs) for several medical purposes, including relaxation. The association between the use of aromas and a decrease in anxiety could be a valuable instrument in managing anxiety in an ever increasing anxiogenic daily life style. Linalool is a monoterpene commonly found as the major volatile component of EOs in several aromatic plant species.
METHODS AND RESULTS:
Adding to previously reported sedative effects of inhaled Linalool, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of inhaled Linalool on anxiety, aggressiveness and social interaction in mice. Additionally, we investigated the effects of inhaled Linalool on the acquisition phase of a step-down memory task in mice. Inhaled Linalool showed anxiolytic properties in the light/dark test, increased social interaction and decreased aggressive behavior; impaired memory was only seen the higher dose of Linalool.
CONCLUSIONS:
These results strengthen the suggestion that inhaling Linalool rich essential oils can be useful as a mean to attain relaxation and counteract anxiety.

Hum Exp Toxicol . 2019 Jul;38(7):803-813.

The protective and therapeutic effects of linalool against doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity in Wistar albino rats[Pubmed: 30977406]

Abstract The aim of the present study was to determine the protective and therapeutic effects of Linalool (LIN) against doxorubicin (DOX)-induced cardiotoxicity in rats histologically and biochemically. In experiments, 64 male Wistar albino rats were randomly divided into eight groups ( n = 8). These groups were control (C) (0.9% saline solution), DOX (20 mg/kg DOX), LIN50 (50 mg/kg LIN), LIN100 (100 mg/kg LIN), DOX + LIN50 (20 mg/kg DOX and 50 mg/kg LIN), DOX + LIN100 (20 mg/kg DOX and 100 mg/kg LIN), LIN50 + DOX (50 mg/kg LIN and 20 mg/kg DOX), and LIN100 + DOX (100 mg/kg LIN and 20 mg/kg DOX). It was determined that necrosis and extensive inflammatory cell infiltration were observed in the DOX group. It was determined that histopathological changes significantly decreased in groups treated with LIN after DOX administration. While the caspase-3 immunostaining was highly evident in DOX group apoptotic cells ( p < 0.001, for all), the intensity of caspase-3 immunostaining in the treatment groups decreased ( p < 0.05). While DOX administration resulted in a significant increase in malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and plasma Creatine kinase (CK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels in cardiac tissue when compared to the C groups, it was observed that DOX + LIN administration led to a significant decrease in MDA, plasma CK and LDH levels and a significant increase in glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase, and catalase enzyme levels. Finally, it was concluded that DOX led to heavy cardiotoxicity and DOX + LIN administration could remove cardiomyopathy symptoms. Keywords: Doxorubicin; MDA; cardiotoxicity; caspase-3; Linalool; oxidative stress.

Int J Mol Sci. 2015 Dec; 16(12): 28169–28179.

Linalool Induces Cell Cycle Arrest and Apoptosis in Leukemia Cells and Cervical Cancer Cells through CDKIs[Pubmed: 26703569]

Cell lines:U937 cells
Concentrations: 1.30, 1.94, 3.24, and 6.48 μM
Incubation Time: 24 h
Method:
Water-soluble tetrazolium salts (WST-1) analysis is used to determine inhibition of cell growth by varying the concentrations (1.30, 1.94, 3.24, and 6.48 μM) of Linalool administered to U937 cells (1.2 × 105/mL) and activating for 24 h.

Phytother Res. 2012 Sep;26(9):1399-404.

Effect of linalool on morphine tolerance and dependence in mice.[Pubmed: 22318903 ]

Animal Models:Adult male albino mice
Formulation: Saline
Dosages:50, 75 and 100 mg/kg
Administration: i.p.